Relic

 “Stained Glass Windows.” World Book. 2001. Print.

Stained Glass Windows History  The Egyptians discovered glass while making their vessels, the first people to do so. They used the glass to make beads in 2700 BC. The Romans first used stained glass windows in their homes during the first century AD. Palaces and mosques in the Middle East had stained glass windows. St. Paul’s Monastery in Jarrow, England have some of the oldest pieces of stained glass windows. They date back to 686 AD. Five stained glass windows from the Middle Ages depict the Old Testament Prophets. The art of making stained glass windows had almost been forgotten in the 1600’s. In the 1800’s people regained interest in it again. **How was it invented** People do not know exactly how stained glass windows had been invented, but one legend tells it. The legend recounts the accidental discovery of glass by Phoenician sailors. It says that shipwrecked sailors put their cooking pots on blocks of natron (soda) from their cargo and then built a fire under it on the beach. In the morning, the fire’s heat had melted the sand and soda mixture. The mass had cooled and hardened into glass. Today, people think that Egyptians discovering glass while firing their vessels to be more scientifically correct. **How were they made** Stained glass windows have been made of painted or tinted glass that forms a picture, held together by strips of lead in a rigid frame. Most of what’s known about medieval stained glass making comes from a twelfth century German monk who called himself Theophilus. An artist and metalworker himself, Theophilus described in one of his texts how he carefully studied glaziers and glass painters at work in order to providedetailed directions for creating windows of “inestimable beauty.” Two standard Gothic shapes of stained glass window, the tall window with the pointed arch and the round rose window, can be found in the churches.

In the middle 1000’s through the early 1100’s, the strips of lead had been shaped into bars that formed rectangular pieces. In the 1200’s they started creating round windows, called rose windows. The glass gets colored by mixing metal oxides with the molten glass during smelting.

When and where were they used  The stained-glass windows had been used in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. They have been used in churches because it increased its beauty. They had been mainly found in Gothic churches. The Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, a medieval catholic cathedral made in the 13th century, has famous stained glass rose windows showing the french gothic architecture. The Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres, a gothic catholic cathedral, has been said to hold one of the most complete collections of medieval stained glass in the world. About 160 stained glass windows have escaped harm from the religious wars of the 16th century. **Why were they used**  Stained glass windows added beauty and provided narrative information to those who looked at them. Stained glass windows can often be found in churches, a place of narrative and learning, during the middle ages. Since very few people could read at the time, the stained glass windows showed scenes of the Bible, not in words but in light. It made a strong impression on the people that went there. **How was it preserved** Painted glass often presents serious preservation challenges. If fired improperly, or if poor quality mixtures had been used, painted glass may be vulnerable to weathering and condensation. Several steps in the painting process can produce fragile paint that may likely to flake. If applied too thick, the paint may not fuse properly to the glass, leaving small bubbles on the surface. This condition, sometimes called “frying” can also result from poor paint mixtures. Unfortunately, in American stained glass, the enamels had been fired at too low a temperature. This means the most difficult features to replicate—faces, hands and feet—flake away first. When war loomed in Europe in the 1930's, the windows had been taken apart piece by piece and stored in safe places. The windows had been put carefully put back after the war.

**Works Cited** [|__“The History of Stained Glass Windows.”__ __//American Vision Windows//____, Bill, 2 Oct. 2015.__] [|__"History of Stained Glass."__ __//Stained Glass Association of America//____. Richard, 2012. Web.__] [|__“The Preservation and Repair of Historic Stained and Leaded Glass.”__ __//Technical Preservation Services.//__ __Neal A. Vogel and Rolf Achilles, Oct. 2007. Web__] [|__Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. “Stained Glass in Medieval Europe.” In__ __//Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History//____. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/glas/hd_glas.htm (October 2001)__] [|__"Chartres Cathedral."__ __//Sacred Destinations//____. Holly Hayes, n.d. Web.__] [|__The New Book of Knowledge. Stained-Glass Windows ed. New York City: Jane Hayward, 2016. Web. Art History.__] [|__"Gothic Sculpture and Stained Glass Windows: Characteristics & Style."__ __//Study.com//____. Max Pfingsten, n.d. Web.__] [|__http://www.__] “Stained Glass Windows.” //World Book.// 2001. Print.“Stained Glass Windows.” //World Book.// 2001. Print.“Stained Glass Windows.” //World Book.// 2001. Print.“Stained Glass Windows.” //World Book.// 2001. Print.

<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 24pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stained Glass Windows History <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The Egyptians discovered glass while making their vessels, the first people to do so. They used the glass to make beads in 2700 BC. The Romans first used stained glass windows in their homes during the first century AD. Palaces and mosques in the Middle East had stained glass windows. St. Paul’s Monastery in Jarrow, England have some of the oldest pieces of stained glass windows. They date back to 686 AD. Five stained glass windows from the Middle Ages depict the Old Testament Prophets. The art of making stained glass windows had almost been forgotten in the 1600’s. In the 1800’s people regained interest in it again. <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**How was it invented** <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">People do not know exactly how stained glass windows had been invented, but one legend tells it. The legend recounts the accidental discovery of glass by Phoenician sailors. It says that shipwrecked sailors put their cooking pots on blocks of natron (soda) from their cargo and then built a fire under it on the beach. In the morning, the fire’s heat had melted the sand and soda mixture. The mass had cooled and hardened into glass. Today, people think that Egyptians discovering glass while firing their vessels to be more scientifically correct. <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**How were they made** <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stained glass windows have been made of painted or tinted glass that forms a picture, held together by strips of lead in a rigid frame. Most of what’s known about medieval stained glass making comes from a twelfth century German monk who called himself Theophilus. An artist and metalworker himself, Theophilus described in one of his texts how he carefully studied glaziers and glass painters at work in order to providedetailed directions for creating windows of “inestimable beauty.” Two standard Gothic shapes of stained glass window, the tall window with the pointed arch and the round rose window, can be found in the churches.

<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the middle 1000’s through the early 1100’s, the strips of lead had been shaped into bars that formed rectangular pieces. In the 1200’s they started creating round windows, called rose windows. The glass gets colored by mixing metal oxides with the molten glass during smelting.

<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 24pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When and where were they used <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The stained-glass windows had been used in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. They have been used in churches because it increased its beauty. They had been mainly found in Gothic churches. The Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, a medieval catholic cathedral made in the 13th century, has famous stained glass rose windows showing the french gothic architecture. The Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres, a gothic catholic cathedral, has been said to hold one of the most complete collections of medieval stained glass in the world. About 160 stained glass windows have escaped harm from the religious wars of the 16th century. <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Why were they used** <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Stained glass windows added beauty and provided narrative information to those who looked at them. Stained glass windows can often be found in churches, a place of narrative and learning, during the middle ages. Since very few people could read at the time, the stained glass windows showed scenes of the Bible, not in words but in light. It made a strong impression on the people that went there. <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**How was it preserved** Painted glass often presents serious preservation challenges. If fired improperly, or if poor quality mixtures had been used, painted glass may be vulnerable to weathering and condensation. Several steps in the painting process can produce fragile paint that may likely to flake. If applied too thick, the paint may not fuse properly to the glass, leaving small bubbles on the surface. This condition, sometimes called “frying” can also result from poor paint mixtures. Unfortunately, in American stained glass, the enamels had been fired at too low a temperature. This means the most difficult features to replicate—faces, hands and feet—flake away first. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When war loomed in Europe in the 1930's, the windows had been taken apart piece by piece and stored in safe places. The windows had been put carefully put back after the war.

<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Works Cited** [|__“The History of Stained Glass Windows.”__ __//American Vision Windows//____, Bill, 2 Oct. 2015.__] [|__"History of Stained Glass."__ __//Stained Glass Association of America//____. Richard, 2012. Web.__] [|__“The Preservation and Repair of Historic Stained and Leaded Glass.”__ __//Technical Preservation Services.//__ __Neal A. Vogel and Rolf Achilles, Oct. 2007. Web__] [|__Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. “Stained Glass in Medieval Europe.” In__ __//Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History//____. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/glas/hd_glas.htm (October 2001)__] [|__"Chartres Cathedral."__ __//Sacred Destinations//____. Holly Hayes, n.d. Web.__] [|__The New Book of Knowledge. Stained-Glass Windows ed. New York City: Jane Hayward, 2016. Web. Art History.__] [|__"Gothic Sculpture and Stained Glass Windows: Characteristics & Style."__ __//Study.com//____. Max Pfingsten, n.d. Web.__] [|__http://www.__] <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Stained Glass Windows.” //World Book.// 2001. Print.